TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . V
LIST OF FIGURES -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . V
ABSTRACT -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . VI
1. BACKGROUND -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1
1.1. Statement of the Problem -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
1.2. Objectives -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3
1.2.1. General Objective -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 3
1.2.2. Specific Objective -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 3
1.3. Significance of the Study -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4
2.1. Lubricating Oil -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4
2.2. Used Lubricating Oil -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 5
2.2.1. Lubricating oil Properties-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5
2.2.2. Degradation of Lubricating oil -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10
2.2.3. Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil -- -- -- -- -- -- . 13
2.2.4. Physical and Chemical Tests of Used Lubricating Oil -- -- -- -- -- . 15
2.2.5. Impacts of Used Lubricating Oil -- -- -- -- -- -- . 17
2.3. Used Oil Recycling and Reuse -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19
2.3.1. Importance of Used Oil Recycling and Reuse -- -- -- -- -- -- 22
2.3.2. General Regeneration Scheme -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23
2.3.3. Acid-Clay Process -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 25
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 32
3.1. Materials -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 32
3.2. Methods -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 33
3.2.1. Characterization of Used Generator Engine Oil -- -- -- -- -- . 33
3.2.2. Treatment of the Used Oil Sample -- -- -- -- -- -- 37
3.2.3. Characterization of Treated Oil Sample -- -- -- -- -- -- 40
3.3. Experimental Design -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 41
3.3.1. Experimental Factors -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 41
3.3.2. Response Factors-- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 42
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 44
4.1. Characterization of Used Lubricating Oil Sample -- -- -- -- -- -- 44
4.2. Experimental Results of Acid-Clay Treatment -- -- -- -- . 45
4.3. Effects of Experimental Factors on Results -- -- -- -- -- -- 46
4.3.1. Effects of Acid Quantity -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 46
4.3.2. Effects of Adsorbent Ratio -- -- -- -- -- -- 48
4.3.3. Statistical Analysis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 50
4.4. Properties of Regenerated Base Oil -- -- -- -- -- -- 52
4.5. Light Fuel Characterization -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 54
4.6. Cost Analysis Consideration -- -- -- -- -- -- . 55
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- -- -- -- -- -- 56
5.1. Conclusions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 56
5.2. Recommendations -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 58
BIBLIOGRAPHY-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 60
APPENDIX A: Viscosity Index Evaluation Data -- -- -- -- -- -- 62
APPENDIX B: Experimental Design and Analysis Data -- -- -- -- -- . 63
APPENDIX C: Material Balance & Energy requirement -- -- -- -- -- 69
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Typical contaminants found in used oils -- -- -- -- -- . 13
Table 2-2: Comparison of fresh base engine oil and used oil -- -- -- -- . 16
Table 2-3: Environmental impact assessment of local uses of changed engine oil -- -- -- . 17
Table 2-4: Typical levels of contaminants in used oils -- -- -- -- -- -- 19
Table 2-5: Comparison of environmental aspect of treatment technologies -- -- -- -- . 21
Table 2-6: Comparison of economic aspect of treatment technologies -- -- -- . 21
Table 2-7: Advantages and disadvantages of used oil recycling and reusing methods -- -- 22
Table 3-1 Typical characteristics of RUBIA TIR 7400 oil-- -- -- -- -- -- 32
Table 3-2: List of major equipment and chemicals -- -- -- -- -- -- . 33
Table 3-3: Experimental factors and corresponding levels -- -- -- -- -- 42
Table 4-1: Used oil sample characterization results -- -- -- -- -- 44
Table 4-2: Experimental results of acid-clay treatment -- -- -- -- -- -- 45
Table 4-3: Experimental results at different acid ratios -- -- -- -- -- -- 47
Table 4-4: Experimental results at different adsorbent ratios -- -- -- -- 49
Table 4-5: Analysis of variance results summary -- -- -- -- -- . 51
Table 4-6: Optimization solution summary -- -- -- -- -- 52
Table 4-7: Comparative properties of used oil, recovered oil and fresh oil -- -- 53
Table 4-8: Chemical and energy costs estimation for recycling one liter of usable oil -- -- 55
Table C-1: Material balance results of the selected optimum experimental run -- -- -- . 69
Table C-2: Material balance based on one liter product yield -- -- -- -- . 71
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Waste oil treatment hierarchy -- -- -- -- -- -- 20
Figure 2-2: Typical acid-clay treatment process flow diagram -- -- -- 26
Figure 3-1: Acid treatment setup -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 38
Figure 3-2: Product separation set-up -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 38
Figure 3-3: Atmospheric distillation experimental set-up -- -- -- -- -- -- . 39
Figure 3-4: Vacuum distillation experimental set-up -- -- -- -- -- -- 39
Figure 3-5: Clay adsorption set-up -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40
Figure 4-1: Effects of acid concentration -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 48
Figure 4-2: Effects of adsorbent ratio -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 50
Figure B-1: Normal plot of residuals -- -- -- -- -- -- 67
Figure B-2: Plot of residuals vs. predicted values -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 68
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