THE STUDY OF SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA.

Presented To

Human Nutrition Department

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Abstract

Nutrition is a fundamental part of human life and good nutrition is essential for survival,

physical growth, mental development, health and well-being. The aim of the present

study was to determine the relationship between Nutritional Status and Academic

performance of Primary School Children in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. School children

from Primary three to six were used for the study and were from three randomly selected

Primary Schools within Zaria and its environs in Kaduna State. A total of 759 pupils

made up of 385 girls and 374 boys were assessed. Ethical clearance was obtained from

Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria and Self administered questionnaires

were used which were completed by the parents or guardians of these children. Body

anthropometrics such as height, weight, hip, waist, chest circumferences were measured

using stadiometer and measuring tape from which BMI was calculated. The Nutritional

status of the children were determined using the Centre for Disease Control (CDC)

standard for BMI percentile, while the academic performance of the children were

determined by finding the mean of the 5 subjects taken during their term examination.

When a Childs BMI is less than 5th percentile is said to be Under weight , 5th percentile to

less than 85th is said to be healthy weight, 85th to less than 95th percentile is said to be

overweight, equal or greater than 95th percentile is said to be obese. The result of the

present study showed that Overweight children performed better academically when

compared to others with a mean academic score of 66.19Â�17.00, Underweight was

observed to be more prevalent amongst the males than the females, while on the other

hand, Overweight was more prominent in females than males. There was no statistical

significant difference between the Nutritional status and Academic performance of the

Primary School Children studied. The total number of children that were Underweight

was 140 (71 males and 69 females) while a total number of 38 children were Overweight

(12males and 26 females). Children whose parents attained tertiary education performed better academically than others. From the present study children whose parents are Civil

servants performed better academically than others. This study also showed that a total

number of 37 Children had a Heavy birth weight and tends to perform better academically

than others while Children born in dry season perform better academically than children

born in rainy season. Conclusively, this study showed that a high percentage of the

population have Healthy weight, while only a small proportion was Obese. This could be

a result of in balance in the food intake of the population and from the result the total

number of children that were Overweight performed better academically than the Others

which could mean that the children that were well fed and well nourished tend to do

better academically than those that are not well fed and nourished.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i

Fly leaf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. iii

Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv

Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . v

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . vi

Acknowledgment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. vii

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. viii

List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. xii

List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . xiii

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. xiv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 1

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 1

1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - . 3

1.3 Justification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 4

1.4 Aims and Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

1.4.1 Aim of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

1.4.2 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

1.5 Significance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 5

1.6 Study Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

1.7 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 7

2.1 Factors Influencing Academic Achievement - - - - - - - - - . 7

2.1.1 Home related factors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 8

2.1.2 School related factors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12

2.1.3 Pupils characteristics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

2.1.4 Teachers side factors - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 18

2.2 Influence of Parents Level of Education - - - - - - - - - - .. 21

2.3 Level of Family Income - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 23

2.4 Parents Marital Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 25

2.5 Nutrition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 26

2.5.1 Breastfeeding versus Bottle-Feeding - - - - - - - - - - . 26

2.5.2 Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence - - - - - - - - - . 28

2.5.3 Malnutrition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 29

2.5.4 Obesity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30

2.5.5 Infectious Disease - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 35

2.5.6 Infectious Disease and Malnutrition - - - - - - - - - - .. 35

2.5.7 Immunization - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 36

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38

3.1 Research Participants - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38

3.2 Study Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 38

3.2.1 Kaduna State - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38

3.2.2 Zaria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 38

3.2.3 Drainage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 41

3.2.4 The climate of Zaria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 41

3.3 Methodology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42

3.4 Data Collection Technique - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43

3.5 Sampling Size Determination - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 43

3.6 Anthropometry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44

3.7 Birth weight (kg) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46

3.8 Academic Performance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46

3.9 Nutritional Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47

3.10 Social Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 47

3.11 Ethical Approval - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 47

3.12 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria - - - - - - - - - - - .. 47

3.12.1 Inclusion Criteria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 47

3.12.2 Exclusion Criteria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48

3.13 Statistical Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 48

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 49

4.1 Analysis of Study Population - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49

4.2 Nutritional Status and Anthropometric Variable - - - - - - - - . 49

4.3 Parents Socio economic Status - - - - - - - - - - - - . 53

4.4 Sex Variation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61

4.5 Nutritional Assessment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61

4.6 Birth weight, Season of Birth and Academic Performance - - - - - . 65

4.7 Correlations of Anthropometric Variables - - - - - - - - - .. 69

4.8 Multiiple Regression Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 69

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 72

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations - - - - - - - - . 79

6.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79

6.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80

6.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 82

6.4 Contribution to Knowledge - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83

REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84

APPENDIX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 105

.

📄 Pages: 128 🧠 Words: 11787 📚 Chapters: 5 🗂️️ For: PROJECT

👁️‍🗨️️️ Views: 553

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