EFFECTS OF IRON AND ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS IN LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA

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Biochemistry Department

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ABSTRACT

A randomized iron and zinc supplementation trial was carried out in Lafia Local

Government, Nasarawa State, Nigeria with a total of 160 children below the age of five

years. They were divided into 4 groups each containing 40 respondents: the Fe-group

received daily and for a 3-month period 10 mg of iron, the Zn-group 10 mg Zinc, the Fe-Zn

group10mg iron + 10mg Zinc and the control group, received no supplement. Serum iron

(SFe) and serum Zinc (SZn), with anthropometry were determined before and at the end of

the intervention. Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents showed that the female

participants (52%) were more than male (48%), the highest number of household heads

were age 30-39 (50%) while 65.5% of the mothers were between the age range of 21-30

years. Percentage changes in weight, mid upper arm circumference, MUAC, iron and zinc

status were higher in groups supplemented than those that were not. There was a significant

difference (PË‚0.05) in SFe among the 36-47 months age group of Fe group. Horizontal

pairs (baseline versus endline) with different superscripts b and a(P<0.05) while pairs with

similar superscripts a and a are not significantly different (P>0.05). Percentage change in

SZn were higher in Zn-group (highest change: 19.10% in female group and 22.36% in male

groups) than in Fe-Zn group (highest % change: 8.45% in male group). However, there was

no significant difference (PË‚0.05) in serum concentration and weight in combined Fe & Zn

supplementation. Almost half of the respondents (49.38%) had no knowledge of

micronutrient supplements yet 57% caregivers who knew the importance of micronutrient

supplements do not give their children. There was significant difference (PË‚0.05) in

MUAC- for- age as a result of iron supplementation in females of age group less than

11months while Zn supplementation recorded significant difference (PË‚0.05) in males and

females of age group 11 - 23 months. Iron and zinc supplementation recovered 12.5%

severely wasted respondents in Fe- group, and reduce acute wasting by 10% in Zn- group.

In conclusion, this study revealed that iron and zinc supplementation recorded a significant

difference (PË‚0.05) in iron and zinc status and that single iron and zinc supplement

increased weight.

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii

DECLARATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. iii

CERTIFICATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .iv

DEDICATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. vii

ABSTRACT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . viii

TABLE OF CONTENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .ix

LIST OF TABLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii

LIST OF PLATES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..xiv

LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .xv

LIST OF APPENDICES - ……………………………….…………………………..xiv

ABBREVIATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . xvii

CHAPTER ONE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..1

1.1 Background - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .1

1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

1.3 Justification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .5

1.4 Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

1.4.1 Aim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .6

1.4.2 Specific Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .6

CHAPTER TWO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..8

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8

2.1 Nutrition in Infants and Childhood - - - - - - - - - - - - ..8

2.2 Nutrition Intervention - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .9

2.3.Nutritional Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..10

2.3.1. Nutritional Assessment of Children - - - - - - - - - - - ..11

2.4 Micronutrients - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .12

2.5 Mineral Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..13

2.5.1 Iron Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..15

2.5.2 Assessment of Iron Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .15

2.5.3Iron Overload - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16

2.5.4Stages of Iron Depletion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .17

2.5.5 Serum Ferritin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..18

2.5.6Soluble Transferrin Receptor. - - - - - - - - - - - - - .18

2.5.7Transferrin, Serum Iron, and Total Iron-Binding Capacity - - - - - - ..19

2.5.8Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..19

2.5.8Haemoglobin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19

2.5.9Haematocrit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..20

2.5.10Mean Corpuscular Volume - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .20

2.6 Mineral Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .20

2.6.1Zinc Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .21

2.6.2 Measurement of Zinc Status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22

2.6.3 The Functions of Zinc in the Body - - - - - - - - - - - - ..23

2.6.4Zinc Deficiency - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..

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